Functions and brain mechanisms of sleep

Functions and brain mechanisms of sleep Sleep, it is the state in which we spend much of our lives yet so little is known about it. It has long fascinated psychologists and many have sought to unravel its mysteries. Yet like all other behaviours sleep can be examined using the same biological, psychological and environmental methods that are so effective in other areas. Defined, sleep is a naturally recurring state which is characterized by reduced or absent consciousness, relatively suspended sensory activity, and inactivity of nearly all voluntary muscles. However this explains what is visible, over the years theorists tried to explain what is happening biologically during sleep. Up until the 1950s researchers believed that sleep occurred due to an overtaxing of the brain, that the constant sensory stimulation that bombards the brain during the day renders it unable to maintain a waking level of brain activity. They also believed that achieving this state was helped by the occurrence of the darkness and silence of night. Sleep at this time was also viewed as a homogeneous state and as a result of this many researchers viewed it as relatively uninteresting. This may be a reason why very little scientific attention was put on the topic for so long. In fact dream interpretation garnered far more attention at this time (Dement, 1998). This passive process theory was only dropped when experimenters recorded eye movement and muscle tension during sleep. This led to the groundbreaking discovery that there were in fact two different classes of sleep, rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement sleep(NREM) (Watson, Breedlove Rosenweig, 2010). In this essay sleep, both rapid-eye movement and slow-wave, will be explored. Also set out will be the main functions of sleep and what can happen when a person is deprived of sleep. Finally the sleep disorder narcolepsy will be discussed as it is an often misunderstood disorder which shows the mal effects when control over when to sleep is lost. Sleep can be divided into 5 stages, 4 of these stages are during NREM with the final stage being REM sleep. These stages are measurable by the patterns of electrical activity in the brain. When awake the brain shows patterns of beta waves. These have a high frequency and low amplitude. When in a state of relaxation the brain shows waves with lower frequencies, these are called alpha waves (Passer Smith, 2009) Stage 1 of NREM occurs just as the body drifts into sleep. At this stage the brain begins to demonstrate theta waves. These waves are slower again than those measured during a drowsy state and have irregular frequencies, the heart rate also slows and muscle tension is reduced. This stage normally lasts several minutes, giving way to stage 2. Here the brain shows short (1-2 seconds) periodic bursts of brain activity. These bursts are called sleep spindles. Interesting to note is that often people deny that they were even asleep if they are awakened during either the first or second stage. As the body drifts even deeper into slumber stage 3 is reached, here delta waves are the most dominant. These are of an extremely low frequency and have large amplitude. Stage 4 is very similar to stage 3 and shows further lowering of frequency and expansion of amplitude. Stages 3 and 4 are also sometimes referred to as slow-wave sleep (SWS) by some researchers. After reaching this stage the body the n cycles through the previous stages and generally after 60-70 minutes of falling asleep the body has gone through a cycle of stages 1-2-3-4-3-2. It is at this point that brain activity changes alarmingly and a brand new and unique stage of sleep emerges. This new stage is called rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep (Watson et al, 2010). This stage of sleep was discovered by Aserinky and Klietman in 1952 and is characterised by high brain arousal, rapid eye movement and frequent vivid dreaming. These researchers found that during this phase the sleeper showed bursts of muscular action which resulted in the persons eyes moving rapidly underneath the eye lid, this happened around every minute during REM sleep. People that were awakened during this stage frequently report having a dream, this is even true of people who before claimed to have never dreamed (Passer Smith, 2009). Brain activity increases to daytime levels and the body also becomes physiologically aroused, with more rapid breathing and a swifter heartbeat. Another characteristic of this stage of sleep is that the bodies of both men and women become aroused, regardless of dream content, with penile erections in men and vaginal lubrication in women. The brain also can send signals to the muscles of the arms legs and torso which make them become very relaxed, they occasionally twitch but movement is not possible at this time. This is sometimes referred to as sleep paralysis. After an average of 90 minutes the body begins the cycle of stages anew, however with each recurrence REM sleep lasts longer, eating into the time previously spent in stage 3 (Passer Smith, 2009). The brain controls the passage of the body through sleep however no single part of it is solely responsible for it. Various mechanisms in the brain control the different aspects of the sleeping body, areas on the base of the forebrain are connected with the act of falling asleep. Other sections in the brain active during sleep are certain areas in the brain stem which regulates REM sleep. Here neurons are contained which activate the other brain systems which are needed during REM such as those for the rapid-eye movement and muscular paralysis. Memories are accessed during REM sleep and this is also governed by these areas in the brain stem. This affects what is experienced during dreams(Watson et al, 2010). Having explored the biology behind sleep it is now worth looking at the benefits of sleep, both physiological and psychological. There are two major branches of thinking which explore the question of why do we sleep? These are the restoration models and the evolutionary/circadian models (Passer Smith, 2009). According to the evolutionary models sleep recharges run-down bodies, it allows us to recover from physical and mental fatigue. This is largely supported by research in sleep deprivation. A good example of one of these studies is the world record attempt by Randy Gardener in 1964. He stayed awake for 11 days as part of a school science fair project and he allowed sleep researchers to study him during this period. Over the first few days he was irritable, forgetful and nauseous, by the fifth day he began to experience periods of disorientation and had mild hallucinations and by the end he experienced slurred speech and finger tremors (Gulevich, Dement Johnson, 1966). This research clearly shows physiological and psychological problems that arise from sleep deprivation. However it has been proven that less sleep is needed as you age with older adults living healthy lives on only 5 or 6 hours sleep. In fact there is one example of a 70 year old woman who could survive on 1 hour of slee p a night. Many researchers also believe that a cellular waste chemical called adenosine has a role in the restorative functions of sleep. Adenosine is produced as cells produce energy. At high levels adenosine inhibits brain functionality and levels of it decrease during deep sleep (Passer Smith, 2009). Evolutionary/Circadian models state that the main function of sleep is prolonging a species survival relative to its environmental demands. It backs up its evidence based on the fact that prehistorically our ancestors had very little to gain by being active at night as food gathering etc was much more easily accomplished in the day. The model puts forward the idea that over the course of the evolution of a species a circadian sleep is developed. This is a wake pattern that becomes heredity due to certain factors such as its status in the predator prey relationship and its food requirements. Also researchers backing this model believe that sleep also evolved as a way of conserving energy, putting forward the fact that we use up to 25% less energy when asleep (Watson et al, 2010). A controversial theory on a benefit of sleep is one that links it to memory consolidation. The purpose of REM sleep remains unknown and some have put forward the idea that it is a tool that the brain uses to consolidate memories, a process in which the brain transfers information to the long term memory. This consolidation hypothesis is however contradicted by the fact that studies show that even when a person has little or no REM sleep due to a side effect of anti-depressant drugs they show no impairment of long term memory capacity. This has led some to state that REM sleep is necessary on a purely biological level. These theorists believe that the body uses REM sleep primarily to keep the brain from long periods of low arousal as they believe this could have damaging effects. The true purpose of REM sleep is still debated (Watson et al, 2010). An interesting study by Paller and Voss provided evidence that suggests that when memories are accessed during dreaming they can be subtly altered by the dream. This has is to do with memory consolidation. There study showed that the brain does use dreams, at least on a small scale, to aid in memory consolidation as has been previously known. However that the brain can alter these dreams is intriguing to say the least (Paller Voss, 2004). Whereas it has been discussed how too little sleep can impair the body, here, the sleep disorder narcolepsy will be explored, showing how a inability to stay awake can also cause problems to an individuals lifestyle. About 1 out of every 2000 people suffer from narcolepsy, those living with the disorder have to deal with daily bouts of sleepiness and uncontrollable sleep attacks where they can go into sudden sleep for less than a minute to a whole hour. Often these sleep attacks are accompanied by sleep paralysis or hypnagoic hallucinations. Some researchers believe that narcolepsy is a disorder involving an intrusion by REM sleep into waking life. It is believed that narcolepsy is cause because of a chemical imbalance in the hypothalamus. There is no cure but some ant-depressant drugs appear to be effective in reducing episodes, this could be due to their suppression of REM sleep. In conclusion, research around sleep has come a long way since its humble beginnings. We now know far more about the biology behind sleep and yet much of it, including REM sleep still confounds many researchers. This essay has also outlined the many benefits that sleep has, both physiological and psychological and has shown the difficulties that arise from a lack of it and has shed some light on the obscure and misunderstood sleep disorder narcolepsy. It is hoped that research will continue on in the future and hopefully the mysteries surrounding the state which we spend almost a third of our life in will be unravelled.

Lavendery Cafe Essay

Levendary Cafe was appointed with a new CEO in January 2011. Mia Foster is a first time CEO with no international management experience, faced with a major challenge at Levendary Cafe, a $10billion US-based fast chain. However, the Levendary Cafe already established in China market while departing CEO Howard Leventhal in the position. Strategically, many of the corporate staff have become concerned that the company’s major expansion into China is moving too far from Levendary’swell defined concepts of store design and menu. Besides that, Mia Foster is also found that Chinese subsidiary submitted all management and financial reports to Denver or likely known as headquarters of Levendary Cafe in its own format. Louis Chen is the president of Levendary China. He is capable of speak Mandarin Chinese and English and had long experience as retail property developer gave him intimate familiarity with neighborhoods in Shanghai and Beijing. Chen also had a network of contacts to help speed up the process of permitting, incorporating, and staffing stores. However, in order to overcome these challenges, Mia Foster had her first video conference meeting with Louis Chen. Since, Mia Foster is not satisfied with financial report format, she urged Louis Chen to make a change. Meanwhile, financial evidence shows that Chen’s efforts have produced strong results and suggests that he knows China far better than U.S headquarters does. Mia Foster wants to protect the integrity of reporting structure. Organizationally, Foster has been frustrated by the apparent unwillingness of Louis Chen to confirm to the company’s planning and reporting processes. Therefore, Chief Franchise officer Peter was flies to China conduct a comprehensive review on the 23 Levendary Cafe in the market. Hence he submitted the detailed description on the 23 Levendary Cafes in China to Mia Foster. Based on the detailed description submitted to the CEO, She found that several Levendary’s Cafe concept of store design and menu was customized without any standardized. Thus, Mia Foster had a second video conference meeting with Louis Chen. During the meeting, Chen response angrily to Foster, he was work hard to begin from zero until 23 Levendary Cafe today and explained the necessitates of differentiation and customization in the foreign market as well. Finally, Foster is aware of the  difficulties of localizing a chain restaurant concept in foreign market. As a result, Foster decided flies to China to meet with Chen personally and to make a decision that will determine the future of Levendary China. Problems When Levendary entered China, they gave Chen the full control over the operations there, although a well-developed detailed plan and a clear tactic of how to implement this plan is a must. However it is clearly this is not the case whereas everything had been handed to Chen from A to Z. The chain of Levendary Cafà © in USA are run by a strict set of rules and allowing modifications only after approval from the concept group regarding the â€Å"look and feel† of the firm. The Levendary Cafà © in China is following a business model which is completely different from that of the US operation model. Chen wanted this cafà © to adapt to the changing tastes of people from place to†¦ Observing the various critical situations mentioned above, the following are the various problems that are to be dealt. The first problem will be the differences in accounting techniques used by China and US. This is a major problem for the HQ of Levendary Cafà © because as it being a listed company it should be as transparent and uniform as possible while preparing its income statements which will be the translated into annual reports and they will be the face of the company in the public. So, translating the income reports from China into reports according to the GAAP principles used in USA is both time taking and increasing the costs. Furthermore, the outlet design standards and menu selection in China are different with US. There are non- standardized operations in China with US. The Levendary Cafà © in China is following a business model which is completely different from that of the US operation model. Chen wanted this cafà © to adapt to the changing tastes of people from place to place. Chen setting up stores according to the local needs rather than following the standardized model adapted by US outlets. He also tried to modify the â€Å"look and feel† of the cafà © according to the locality in which it is operating. For example, the branch at Shanghai’s historic Yu Garden area provided a  takeaway counter with no seating and the branch at North entrance to Beijing’s Forbidden City, replaced classic wooden framed upholstered chairs with aplastic framed alternative besides no salads on its menu which salad is a must on US menu. While the branch at Shanghai, all but one sandwich item had been removed from the menu & replaced by a variety of local. Chen was modifying Levendary’s signature menu items, outlet design standards and the overall cafà © environments without consulting U.S. management. Hence, newly appointed Levendary CEO Mia Foster was faced with a number of pressing matters ranging from how to link Chen and his management team to those in corporate headquarters, to the standardization of future Levendary Cafà © locations. Decision Analysis &Solutions Concluded of the case study, Levendary Cafà © has taught the person who reads particularly business player to concern and obey headquarter, yet disremembering the subordinate within doing business. Even somehow headquarter is not the centre of the truth without doing any respectable communication with the subordinate. The Levendary Cafà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s main person is Mia Foster, as a CEO and Louis Chen, an employee who runs and in charge of the Levendary business in China. By this case, Chen must be obviously maintain the communication and the concern of Levendary China situation to the Headquarter. The situation of Lavendary China must be monitored by consensus and Chinese Operation market. Mia Foster as a CEO, she might more understand the needs of Headquarter and Levendary China market. The operation of the Levendary China will follow the requirements and report by Louis Chen. Generally, the Levendary headquarter must be extra concern about the up-to-date and current issues of the subsidiary office. By the case study, the Levendary China is struggling into the market and competition, how to settle the business in China as well as trying hard to keep an eye on certain rule and regulations of headquarter, essentially those were not be working. Technically, the barrier was facing in Levendary China is about localized the market segmentation. The Levendary China must build the solid and tough team through leading by Chen. Actually, Louis Chen had brilliant idea to draw the excessive concept for Levendary China and would work out with that idea. The only things that Chen needs are reasonable endorsement from Mia Foster and headquarter.

The True Meaning of Essay Topics: the Plague by Albert Camus

The True Meaning of Essay Topics: the Plague by Albert Camus Things You Won't Like About Essay Topics : the Plague by Albert Camus and Things You Will Please note that in case the shipping address is incorrect and the order was shipped, based on the shipping option selected we might not be in a position to modify the shipping address until the order was returned. In the booklet are instructions on the best way to finish your membership application. Absolutely free Albert Camus the Plague essay samples can be found FreeEssayHelp with no payment or registration. Soon, the exact same cases appear in different corners of Oran. The particular two males get some type of short destroy to assist you move diving along with subsequently many get back so that it is possible to provide fantastic results. The play wasn't performed until 1. With these points considered, we have to comprehend the importance of the last assertion. Human nature is fallen and therefore it's not necessarily v ery good at all times. Essay Topics : the Plague by Albert Camus - Overview The cost of an essay is dependent upon the quantity of effort the writer has to exert. Citations and extracts from assorted sources have to be formatted properly. Still, every one of them would show up in the overall list. Includes quotes, extensive links and an extensive bibliography for more references. Top Essay Topics : the Plague by Albert Camus Secrets The Plague is an instance of an allegory. Albert Camus visited the USA in 1946. Death is almost always a collective catastrophe since it is humankind's collective fate. Oran's inhabitants are receiving restless. Soon the quantity of coffins is insufficient in addition to burial-places. Later the authorities decide to create use of the crematorium and streetcars that haven't been working since exile. And we already understand when would be the appropriate minute. What Is So Fascinating About Essay Topics : the Plague by Albert Camus? Qui te often life is apparently constantly shutting down our finest efforts. You cannot create experience. Find something which interests you and delight in that practice. How can the notion of engagement work within the notion of the absurd. He's often not able to relate with the majority of the members in his family owing to his knowledge of science and experiences. Concepts like cooperation, joint work and solidarity are of key value to Camus. An individual might argue that in the event that you're always dwelling in the now, then it's not possible to plan the future to achieve your targets. It's a significant opportunity we have. Essay Topics : the Plague by Albert Camus: No Longer a Mystery The English proverb suggests the notion that the variety of people on the earth equals the range of minds. You will need to make your own meaning in life. Also within this calendar year, Camus started to work for Paris-Soir magazine. Absurdists believe it is futile to analyze the significance of life, since live has no meaning. On a personal note the most crucial premise of the philosophy lies regarding anthesistic existentialism. This kind of mundane repetition that all of us are subjected to was an ideal illustration of the Absurd Camus wanted us to learn how to cope with. The idea of exile and loneliness appears irrelevant to the great energy that arrives from every line written by Albert Camus. Camus character is honest and won't ascribe to something he fails to believe in, including a belief in God or religion. I found Camus creative style to be somewhat interesting. Camus wrote about how in this type of a revolution, even the manner murder is conceived through the opinion of justice becomes morphed. Albert Camus was a man of several great prospective prospects. In addition, he shows the way the journalist's desire to generate the most suitable choice isn't always obvious. Now that Christianity is the vast majority opinion in america there is less of a demand for the kind of encouragement and reassurance The Beatitudes offer. It is normal to provide a very clear view of earth after accepting the concept that it has to be clear. Through his actions Tarrou became an instance of the goodness feasible for someone to attain. Essay Topics : the Plague by Albert Camus Options Eventually, Watson cannot manage the collective horrors he's witnessed. There are several popu lar novels he had created. The author writes about absurdity of earth and human lives without being absolutely certain that the readers are in a position to understand his ideas on account of the range of meanings which can be applied. Rieux in addition to her co-worker Doctor. There's a good deal of foreshadowing in the start of the plague. All fantastic deeds and all excellent thoughts have a ridiculous start. There's scholarly debate concerning the connection between the 2 books. There's scholarly debate about the connection between both books.

Addressing the Global Issue of Bullying - 1056 Words

Bullying is a worldwide issue and should be taken very seriously. Bullying may not always be noticeable, but if seen the person being bullied should be comforted. Let them know they’re not alone and there are people who care about them and they shouldn’t think about anything that could be life changing. Bullying is unwanted repeated aggression towards someone else. There are four major types of bullying, physical, verbal, cyber, and covert. Each type of bullying can hurt ones feelings and should be taken seriously. Every type of bullying is illegal in the United States. Bullying is bullying and no matter what should take action if seen. Physical bullying is a major problem. Some examples of physical bullying is hitting, pushing, damaging†¦show more content†¦Kinds of covert bullying is spreading rumors and lying about someone else. Just because covert bullying isn’t always noticeable doesn’t mean that nothing can’t be done to help (Four Kinds of Bullying). According to 11 facts about Bullying, 160,000 kids stay home from school to avoid bullying. They also say that suicide is the third leading death among young people, resulting in about 4,400 deaths a year. Now out of all the people in the world that may not seem like much but can you imagine must be going through their head when they think about killing themselves? At least half of suicides among young people are because of bullying (11 facts about Bullying). People need to stand up against bullying and the bullies because everyone out there is strong and deserves to be treated like everyone else. Bully victims often question â€Å"What’s wrong with me?† the answer is easy. Nothing is wrong with them. There are many reasons why people bully. The bullies could have a bad life at home or want to be noticed by other kids or even could have been bullied themselves (Why Do People Bully?) No matter what is going on in life, bullying is never okay. Imagine this; people have been being mean to you, people you used to be close with. You go to your locker and not a day goes by where you don’t hear them talking about you. Calling you a pig, gross, ugly and really nasty names. You know it hurts but you stay strong and act like it doesn’t bother you. You go onShow MoreRelatedforce have contributed to a dramatic shift in family eating habits. The traditional family dinner900 Words   |  4 Pagescommunication, H. Harbuck, January 22, 2013). Childhood obesity is becoming a major global challenge of the 21st century. About 110 million children worldwide are now classified as overweight or obese (Ogden, Carroll, Flegal, 2008). Even in some developing countries, where malnutrition was the traditional health concern, childhood obesity is becoming one of their major health concerns. Childhood obesity is a global epidemic that accounts for a large percentage of high health care costs in severalRead MoreBullying And Its Effect On Teenagers830 Words   |  4 PagesBullying is the use of a superior strength or influence to intimidate someone, typically to force the individual to do what one wants. Bullying is a behavior that intentionally hurts someone physically or emotionally acted by an individual or group. Bullying can take many forms and is often motivated by prejudice against a particular group; for example, on the grounds of race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or any physical or mental disability. Stopping violenc e and ensuring safety is obviouslyRead MoreThe Long-Term Effects of Bullying Essay1409 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction There are several ongoing of issues that are effecting adolescents in today’s society ranging from low self-esteem, teen pregnancy, and obesity. Also, amongst these issues are the growing concerns and effects of bullying. Its epidemic is also starting to become closely related to the growing numbers of suicide rates amongst adolescents within the United States and across the globe. However, there are several adults that may take bullying lightly thinking that it is just a part of kidsRead MoreHurt, Pain, Physical And Mental Distraught Are Just A Few1597 Words   |  7 PagesCyberbullying is using technology to harass, threaten, embarrass, another person. Cyberbullying allows a person to maintain anonymity and give them the ability to post messages to a wide audience. â€Å"Cyberbullying is speech that is â€Å"defamatory, constitutes bullying, harassment, or discrimination, discloses personal information, or contains offensive, vulgar or derogatory comments† (Willard, 2003: 66). Cyberbullying can be, a text, tweet, or response to a update on Facebook that is harsh or cruel. 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Tides Vs Boeing Case Study - 948 Words

In Tides v. Boeing Co., Matthew Neumann and Nicholas Tides were employed by the company’s SOX audit group. The employees allege that they were pressured by supervisors to provide reports giving favorable reviews to internal controls despite their concerns that said controls were vulnerable to manipulation by unauthorized users. Notwithstanding a published company policy prohibiting employees from speaking to the press, both employees provided information about what occurred to a newspaper reporter who incorporated the information in a published article. The Ninth Circuit held that the plaintiffs could not avail themselves to retaliation remedies in the SOX because â€Å"[l]eaks to the media are not protected.† The court articulated that SOX†¦show more content†¦In Department of Homeland Security v. MacLean, the primary issue presented to the Court was whether the WPA definition of â€Å"law† should be construed narrowly or broadly. The narrow interpretat ion is if law is limited to legislative law only, and the broad interpretation is if includes law created by an agency. The Transportation Security Administration (â€Å"TSA†) promulgated rules that place limitations disclosing â€Å"sensitive security information.† In Maclean, a federal air marshal publicly disclosed that the TSA decided to cut costs by scaling back the number of federal air marshals on long-distance flights. The federal air marshal revealed this to a reporter who subsequently published a story about it. Basing its decision on the text of the statute, the Court held that the numerous references to â€Å"law, rule, or regulation† in  § 2302 manifest that a reference only to â€Å"law† should be interpreted to exclude â€Å"rule† or â€Å"regulation.† Further, the Court elucidated that the Congress frequently mentions the phrase â€Å"law, rule, or regulation† throughout the statute. 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Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior Comprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Introduction What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Importance of Interpersonal Skills 4 What Managers Do 5 Management Functions 6 †¢ Management Roles 6 †¢ Management Skills 8 †¢ Effective versus Successful Managerial Activities 8 †¢ A Review of the Manager’s Job 9 Enter Organizational Behavior 10 Complementing Intuition with Systematic Study 11 Disciplines That Contribute toRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesManaging Change 121 121 147 147 Text 3. Why Organizations Change Text Cohen †¢ Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition 14. Initiating Change 174 174 Text iii Cases 221 221 225 The Consolidated Life Case: Caught Between Corporate Cultures Who’s in Charge? (The)(Jim)(Davis)(Case) Morin−Jarrell †¢ Driving Shareholder Value I. Valuation 229 229 253 279 1. The Value−Based Management Framework: An Overview 2. Why Value Value? 4. The Value Manager Harvard BusinessRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesStudents achieve concept mastery in a rich, structured environment that’s available 24/7 Instructors personalize and manage their course more effectively with assessment, assignments, grade tracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » Read MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 PagesHodgetts, Fred Luthans, Jonathan Doh. 6th ed. 2006. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-07-811257-7 ISBN-10: 0-07-811257-5 1. International business enterprises—Management. 2. International business enterprises—Management—Case studies. I. Doh, Jonathan P. II. Hodgetts, Richard M. International management. III. Title. HD62.4.H63 2012 658 .049—dc22 2011002070 www.mhhe.com Dedicated in Memory of Richard M. Hodgetts A Pioneer in International Management Education iii Read MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pages 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 597 CASE STUDIES ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 598 ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 599 Guide to using the case studies The main text of this book includes 87 short illustrations and 15 case examples which have been chosen to enlarge speciï ¬ c issues in the text and/or provide practical examples of how business and public sector organisations are managing strategic issues. The case studies which follow allow the reader to extend

George Killed Lennie for Merciful Reasons Free Essays

Of Mice and Men: George Killed Lennie for Merciful Reasons A true friendship is one in which friends care deeply enough to anticipate one another’s needs and are willing to put their friend’s needs before their own. Their mutual love enables them to make sacrifices only to protect each other. In the novella, Of Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck, George killing Lennie is a merciful kill to save others from Lennie’s unintentional acts of aggression, to spare Lennie from suffering a cruel death, and instead ensuring a peaceful and quick departure one that will cause George the least regrets. We will write a custom essay sample on George Killed Lennie for Merciful Reasons or any similar topic only for you Order Now George begins to see a pattern of aggression coming from Lennie and wants to put it to an end because Lennie is hurting too many others unintentionally and he sees Lennie is quick to frustrate and panic and is lacking in the ability to control his violent reactions. Lennie has killed many mice, a pup, and finally a woman. Although Lennie may not want to kill any other living beings, it is in his nature to become aggressive and angry when frustrated. He typically believes he â€Å"Wasn’t doin’ nothing bad’ † (Steinbeck 9) with the mice and he was â€Å"Jus’ strokin’ it’ † (Steinbeck 9). He cannot contain his anger and that often leads to an unrestrained use of his strength. Because Lennie never has the intention to kill anything, he can feel an immense amount of guilt and remorse as seen when he runs out of the barn crying, â€Å"l done a real bad thing†¦ I shouldn’t of did that† (Steinbeck 92), after killing Curlers wife. Despite Lennie’s remorse, he does not grasp the severity and the consequences of his actions. This is not so much due to Lennie’s slowness but more because of George’s protective nature, preventing Lennie from ever having to face any consequences. Nonetheless, George sees that Lennie is unable to learn from his mistakes and fears the pattern is going to continue and that he is unable to change Lennie. George feels Justified in killing Lennie because he knows that in the long run he would be able to spare many other lives and prevent Lennie from all the pain and anguish from the remorse Lennie feels after his aggressions. George’s decision to kill his best friend is to prevent a horrific and undeserved fate that awaits Lennie unless there is some intervention. He does not want Lennie to be killed by Curley or sent to Jail. George clearly can sense Curleys anger and vindictive nature about Lennie killing his wife. It is quite apparent that Curley wants Justice and revenge and is determined to make Lennie suffer: â€Å"Curley’s face reddened. ‘I’m goin’†¦ I’m gonna shoot the guts outta that big bastard myself† (Steinbeck 98). Shooting Lennie in the gut would cause he him to slowly bleed to death, ensuring a long, painful death. Even if Curley is not to succeed in killing Lennie in this gruesome manner, the other likely outcome is that Lennie is sentenced and put in Jail for potentially a lifetime. Initially, in light of the possibility of Curlers revenge, George considers Jail to be a safe haven: â€Å"Guess†¦ We gotta tell the†¦ guys. I guess we gotta get ‘im an’ lock ‘Im up. We can’t let ‘im get away†¦ ‘ And he tries to reassure himselt, ‘Maybe they’ll lock ‘im up and be nice to ‘im† (Steinbeck 94 However, upon further consideration, George realizes that Lennie is incapable of living on his own and fending for himself in Jail and will not last. Either outcome would result in a miserable and slow death for Lennie, and George could not allow his to happen to his best friend. This is how he reaches the conclusion that it is necessary for George, himself, to kill Lennie in a humane fashion in order to give him a quick and peaceful death. By shooting Lennie himself, George minimizes his own pain for not letting Lennie die at the hands of a stranger and can also control Lennie’s last thoughts and feelings. Earlier on in the novella, Candy feels deep regret for not being the one to end his dogs life and he tells George, â€Å"l oughtta shot that dog myself†¦ I shouldn’t oughtta let no stranger shoot my dog† (Steinbeck 61). Candy and his dog were lifelong friends and companions, as were Lennie and George. Candys regret makes a lasting impression and Georges recognizes that he too cannot live letting anyone else take Lennie’s life. Moreover, he ensures that Lennie last moments are filled with Joyous thoughts as he strikes up a conversation about Lennie’s favorite topic: â€Å"And I get to tend the rabbits. † (Steinbeck 105) said Lennie, â€Å"An’ you get to tend the rabbits. â€Å"(Steinbeck 105) responded George, then â€Å"Lennie giggled with happiness. † (Steinbeck 105). And lastly, as George’s last act of friendship, he eassures Lennie with his final words that is he is not mad at Lennie nor that he’s ever been. This is to award Lennie with as much peace as a friend could. Overall, Lennie is in a much better place once he dies. He does not to suffer a long and painful death; he would not hurt any other humans or animals and is spared the resulting remorse. George feels great loss and is shaken afterward despite knowing he is Justified in actions. This is a compassionate homicide and George is a true friend. He looks out for Lennie’s needs and makes sacrifices to the end. How to cite George Killed Lennie for Merciful Reasons, Papers

Principles Of Strategic Management Abingdon-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Principles Of Strategic Management Abingdon? Answer: Introducation Strategic management is regarded as the process of setting objectives for the business analyzing internal and external environment of the business so as to operate efficiently in the market. Further, it is a well-known fact that in the modern era the market where companies operate is full of challenges and this has the adverse impact on the businesses(Wang, et al., 2014). Therefore, effective strategies are must through which companies can easily manage their overall performance, and in turn, it acts as the development tool for the entire firm. The tools such as SWOT, Porter, pestle, etc. are mainly undertaken for analyzing internal and external environment of the businesses. They support in knowing the range of challenges present in external or internal that businesses will face and on the basis of the same it is possible to develop strategies. The present study carried out is based on AirAsia X which is Malaysian low-cost airline headquartered in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It is considered to be one of the largest airlines regarding destination and fleet size. Various tasks have been covered in the report which involves SWOT, Porter of the company along with recommendations to enhance present performance Porter five forces analysis In the present scenario, analysis of industry competitiveness is essential for long-term sustainability of a company. Furthermore, the use of Porter five force models can assist organizations to analyze the overall extent to which external forces can impact the operations and activities(Takazawa, Takasuga, Doi, Saito, Shibata, 2016). Implementation of Porter Five force model supports businesses to understand and analyze the vital force which shapes the overall degree of competition within a particular industry. The application of porter framework on Air Asia is mentioned below as: Threat of new entrant - The threat of new entrants in the airline industry can be considered as weak, and the rationale behind this is the entry barriers present with the industry(Wang, et al., 2014). It can be asserted that massive investment, capital, and resources are required to enter the airline industry. Industries or sectors with low entry barrier make it very easy for new businesses to get into the industry(Vogel Gttel, 2013). However, it can be critically argued that the growing need and demand of travel among people in the world can encourage new businesses to enter the airline industry and compete with existing brands such as Air Asia. In such situations, the threat of new entry for the company like Air Asia can become very high. To deal with these types of situation, the brand will be required to carry out changes in its strategy and products at frequent interval. The approach will support Air Asia to maintain its existing market share in the airline industry(Stead Stea d, 2013). Considering the present situation of the market, it can be expressed that the industry has become saturated and this has resulted in creating obstacles for new companies regarding entering the industry. Rivalry of existing firm Intense competition among businesses or companies in the industry results in creating obstacles regarding achieving higher growth, profitability, and market share. Furthermore, customers are available with wide range of options to choose from and this result in affecting the overall sales and profits of companies(Hubbard, Rice, Galvin, 2014). At present, Air Asia is facing intense competition from the brand such as Tiger Airways, Jetstar Airways, and SilkAir. Any changes in the price and strategy of competitors force Air Asia to carry out modifications in its existing strategy and prices(Roy, 2014). At the same time, the brand is required to emphasize on areas such attaining the high degree of customer satisfaction and loyalty. The unique selling proposition of Air Asia is that it has adopted a low price strategy and this is helping the brand to attract more and more customers. However, the threat of competition within airline industry is very high, and thi s is a major challenge for the organization. Threat of substitute product The threat of substitute product within the airline industry is very high, and this has emerged as a major issue for all brands including Air Asia. The rationale behind this high threat of substitute product is that there are different modes of transportation available to the customers(Pereira Caetano, 2015). Customers can opt for services such as private transportation (road) and fast trains (rails) to go from one place to another. In addition to this, the substitute services are much cheaper than the services provided airlines industry. It sometimes acts as a motivational force and encourages people to buy substitute products instead of opting for the services offered by Air Asia(Rothaermel, 2015). The result of this is that the selected business enterprise is not able to attract the desired number of customers in the long run. Bargaining power of customer - In the airline industry, the bargaining power of customers is very high, and this is another threat for Air Asia. It can be expressed that at present, people or customers are available with wide range of options and alternatives to choose from. At the same time, the customers are not required to pay any additional cost of switching, and this makes it very easy for them to switch from one company to another(Peppard Ward, 2016) Air Asia is expected to offer attractive discounts and schemes to retain existing customers and attract new ones. In addition to this, the brand is also needed to ensure that the clients are provided with satisfactory services against the money which they have paid. In case satisfactory services are not offered then the customer may switch to other brands operating in the marketplace(Kumar, et al., 2017). Such situation will adversely affect the overall volume of sales and profitability. Bargaining power of supplier The suppliers within Airline industry includes fuel companies, manufacture of aircraft, food and catering providers, labour union, etc. Furthermore, it is almost impossible for businesses to carry out the smooth flow of all their activities and operations with getting adequate cooperation from the industry suppliers(Nerur, Rasheed, Pandey, 2016). Thus, it can be stated that the bargaining powers of the suppliers in the airline industry are very high. The result of this is that the suppliers can dominate Air Asia and other players over prices. Presently, the number of vendors present in the industry is less, and this is another reason behind high bargaining power of the supplier within the airline industry(Wong, Chung, Hsu, 2016). Swot In order to analyze the internal environment of business SWOT analysis as one of the tools is most effective as it highlights the key strength along with the weakness of the business that is present internally. Apart from this opportunities and threats are identified that are present in the external environment of the business. Considering the case of AirAsiaX where the company started its operations in the year 2001 with two old aircraft. No doubt the market where AirAsia X operates is highly competitive and regulated by different laws which organization is required to comply with(Morden, 2016). The government has introduced a large number of laws that company needs to be followed for sustaining the market for the longer period. The company has adopted strategy of offering services at low cost where organization has promised Now Everyone can Fly The organization has adopted low-cost carrier model and along with this cost-saving innovations are carried out on continuous basis where AirAsia X is considered to be the first airline to use the new Airbus A320 aircraft that was installed with sharklet wing tips. In order to understand the key strengths and weaknesses of the firm SWOT analysis of company has been carried that has been shown below: Strength - The main strength of AirAsia X is that it holds lowest unit cost in the industry and due to this reason organization is famous worldwide. AirAsia X is the only airline in the global market with CASK below USD4 cents(AirAsia, 2017). The shortest route on which company operates is of three and half hour. The company offers its wide range of services at a lower cost, and this allows in attracting the large number of customers towards its services in the market. The main competitor of the company is Asian full-service carriers which hold unit cost higher than the firm(CAPA, 2014). Another key strength of the organization is flexibility associated with its fleet. This supports in understanding the strong relationship between AirAsia X and the sister group named AirAsia. On a yearly basis, the fleet size of the company grows by seven, and it is expected to reach 98 by the end of the year 2024(Hunt, Petitt, Truong, 2016). AirAsia is regarded to be the leader in the long haul low -cost segment, and this is indicating that AirAsia X holds the capability to dominate the entire market. So, in this way, these are some of the main strengths of the company. Weaknesses - The main weakness of AirAsia X is that company is not able to earn adequate amount of profits in order to recover the major costs. No doubt, the organization operates on the wider basis, and all its operations are costly. From the last, three to four years company is not able to earn high profits(Jenkins Williamson, 2015). Different unprofitable markets of the company involve Paris, London, Delhi, Mumbai, etc. Further, main losses are suffered due to high oil prices along with the fluctuations in the market conditions. The stock price of the company has not performed as expected since IPO and it is another weakness of the company that has adversely affected its performance in the market(Homsombat, Lei, Fu, 2014). Lastly, the relationship between Air Asia and Air Asia is limited as some overlapping ownership exists, and this acts as hurdle at the time of operating. Opportunities - In the external environment where AirAsia X operates provides the wide range of opportunities to the business and it depends on the business how to take advantage of the same. One of the main opportunity is the restructuring of Malaysian airlines that can benefit an organization(Hill, Jones, Schilling, 2014). Flag carrier along with Malaysian airline is planning to cut jobs, and this plan will be implemented in the next nine months. There is a direct opportunity present for AirAsia X where the company can hire MAS employees and can operate on the different routes. MAS will not operate in the Europe market, and this will act as the main opportunity for the company. Another key opportunity is expansion in the Chinese market. At present country like China is one of the main markets for Malaysian based carriers market(Van De Vijver, Derudder, Witlox, 2014). The secondary cities of China are also expanding at the faster pace, and due to this, it is a feasible opportunity for AirAsia X to take expansion decision where Chinese market can be targeted. Lower fuel price is another opportunity where it can significantly allow to develop new routes and can assist in enhancing the profitability level(Harrison John, 2013). Considering the present situation, fuel cost accounts for 50% of the companys operation. So, the decline in the level of fuel expense can surely allow the company in enhancing its profits, and this can be utilized for expansion purpose. So, these are some of the main opportunities present with AirAsia X that can surely provide the competitive edge to the business in every possible manner. Threats- Intense competition in the industry is the main threat faced by AirAsia X at the time of operating in the market. The low-cost model of the company along with heavy reliance on transit traffic has allowed operating in the market. But in the near future, this model can act like the threat as other companies are also operating with better services at an affordable price(Hahn, 2013). This can lead to the decline in market share of the business. Fluctuation in the fuel price will also be the main threat for the company as it may increase in the near future. This will adversely affect profitability level of the business and company has to manage this issue in any possible manner. So, these are some of the main threats that can influence business operations Recommendations Expansion in china - One feasible option is present with AirAsia X to expand in the market of China, but it is recommended to the business to carry out external analysis as through this it is possible to know the range of opportunities present along with the threats that can adversely affect companys performance. No doubt the market of China is expanding at the faster pace where income level of people living in the society is up to the mark and on the basis of this they can easily afford services of AirAsia X. The present model of the company associated with low-cost can surely be beneficial in the China market where people will access the services of the company at a low cost. On a continuous basis, the external analysis needs to be carried out, and along with this, the company needs to modify its internal structure. Some special schemes can be introduced by the business at the time of expansion. The company has to ensure that its pricing strategies are appropriate and targeting the right locations will be profitable for the enterprise. US and Europe market - Considering the market of Europe and US where services of AirAsia X are not present. So, in this case, it is required for the company to carry out market analysis of both the nations so as to identify the range of opportunities present. Further, it is necessary to develop effective strategies as these markets are highly developed, and well-established players are present in the marke(Gamble Thompson Jr, 2014)t. So, it is recommended to introduce some unique services that can deliver more convenience to the customers. The company can analyze the strategies of the firms that are already operating in the market of the US and Europe. Through this, it will be possible for AirAsia X to successfully expand in these markets and in turn, the investment amount can be recovered in short period of time. Furthermore, it is recommended to carry out competitor analysis on the continuous basis so that actions of other companies may not adversely affect operations of AirAsia X in the new market where it will operate. Business class/services/safety It can be recommended that Air Asia can emphasize on introducing new services for the segment, i.e., business class. It can be expressed that at present, the brand has adopted low price strategy and it is mainly targeting people who fall under the middle and lower middle class of the society(Frynas Mellahi, 2015). Furthermore, intense competition in this particular segment has resulted in creating several obstacles for Air Asia regarding achieving higher sales and profitability. To deal with the challenge of increasing competition within the industry, the selected business enterprise can seek for introducing new services for a new market segment(Eden Ackermann, 2013). However, it is suggested that effective forecasting and market research should be carried out by Air Asia before introducing any new service. The rationale behind this is that it will help in reducing the risk associated with failure of new product/service in the market. It is suggested that the demand for airline services within businesses class has increased due to globalization and international expansion of companies. This type of situation is going to act as an opportunity for Air Asia regarding introducing new services in the marketplace. In addition to this, it will also assist the company in enhancing its existing market share along with increasing the volume of sales and profitability. It is suggested that Air Asia should also focus on improving overall safety and security measures in its airline services and flights. The result of this is that better safety and security will support in developing a strong sense of satisfaction among customers and will also encourage them to opt for the services offered by Air Asia. The company will be able to obtain a competitive advantage over the other brands operating in the airline industry. Digitalization expansion In the present scenario, digitalization has resulted in providing businesses with a potential platform to carry out marketing and promotion of products and services. Furthermore, the use of platforms such as social media and the internet can help companies to reach the target audience most conveniently. It can be recommended that Air Asia should emphasize on carrying out the expansion of its products and service over the various digital platform. The use of this strategy will support the company to reach international customers and cost-effectively attract them(Bettis, Ethiraj, Gambardella, Helfat, Mitchell, 2016). Social media tools will provide the company with an opportunity to interact with all people in the market and understand their changing need and demand. In addition to this, it will assist Air Asia to identify the issue issues or problems which are faced by the existing customers. Based on the information collected, the selected brand can carry o ut changes in existing services and strategies to acquire the higher degree of customer satisfaction in the long run(Andersen Andersson, 2017). Training and development programs can be offered to employees so that they can make efficient use of the digital platform and can contribute to the overall growth and development of Air Asia. Conclusion Based on the above study, it can be concluded that Air Asias low-cost strategy is the major strength of the company. Furthermore, the strategy has supported Air Asia in getting a competitive advantage over other airlines operating in the industry. It can be stated that quality services at a low price have resulted in developing a high degree of satisfaction among customers. The brand posses remarkable flexibility with its fleet and this is considered as another major strength of the brand. However, it can be argued that poor performance of the stock and lack of profitability has emerged as the biggest weaknesses of Air Asia. It can be inferred that the bargaining power of suppliers and customers is very high in the industry and this is a significant threat to Air Asia. On the other side of this, the threat to new entry is low because an enormous amount of capital and resources are required to enter and operate in the airline industry. It is recommended that Air Asia should focus more on international expansion and digitalization. References AirAsia. (2017, August 16). The Beginner's Guide to AirAsia : Hi, We're AirAsia! Retrieved September 17, 2017, from AirAsia: https://www.airasia.com/in/en/about-us/hi-we-are-airasia.page Andersen, T. J., Andersson, U. (2017). Multinational Corporate Strategy-Making: Integrating International Business and Strategic Management. In The Responsive Global Organization: New Insights from Global Strategy and International Business. United Kingdom: Emerald Publishing Limited. Bettis, R. A., Ethiraj, S., Gambardella, A., Helfat, C., Mitchell, W. (2016). Creating repeatable cumulative knowledge in strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, , 257-261. CAPA. (2014, September 25). AirAsia X SWOT: challenging times but first mover advantage and fleet flexibility are huge strengths. Retrieved September 17, 2017, from CAPA: https://centreforaviation.com/insights/analysis/airasia-x-swot-challenging-times-but-first-mover-advantage-and-fleet-flexibility-are-huge-strengths-188591 Eden, C., Ackermann, F. (2013). Making strategy: The journey of strategic management. United kingdom: Sage. Frynas, J. G., Mellahi, K. (2015). Global strategic management. United States: Oxford University Press, USA. Gamble, J. E., Thompson Jr, A. A. (2014). Essentials of strategic management. United States: Irwin Mcgraw-Hill. Hahn, R. (2013). ISO 26000 and the standardization of strategic management processes for sustainability and corporate social responsibility. . Business Strategy and the Environment , 442-455. Harrison, J. S., John, C. H. (2013). Foundations in strategic management. Delhi: Cengage Learning. Hill, C. W., Jones, G. R., Schilling, M. A. (2014). Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Delhi: Cengage Learning. Homsombat, W., Lei, Z., Fu, X. (2014). Competitive effects of the airlines-within-airlines strategyPricing and route entry patterns. . Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review , 1-16. Hubbard, G., Rice, J., Galvin, P. (2014). Strategic management. Australia: Pearson Australia. Hunt, J. N., Petitt, K., Truong, D. (2016). Efficiency Evaluation of Low-Cost Long-Haul Carriers in the Trans-Atlantic and Asia-Pacific Markets. International Journal of Aviation Systems, Operations and Training (IJASOT) , 34-48. Jenkins, W., Williamson, D. (2015). Strategic management and business analysis. Abingdon: Routledge. Kumar, R., Barth, M. C., Delle Monache, L., Ghude, S. D., Pfister, G., Naja, M., et al. (2017). An Overview of Air Quality Modeling Activities in South Asia. In Air Pollution in Eastern Asia: An Integrated Perspective (pp. 27-47). New York City: Springe. Morden, T. (2016). Principles of strategic management. Abingdon: Routledge. Nerur, S., Rasheed, A. A., Pandey, A. (2016). Citation footprints on the sands of time: An analysis of idea migrations in strategic management. . Strategic Management Journal , 1065-1084. Peppard, J., Ward, J. (2016). The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Pereira, B. A., Caetano, M. (2015). A conceptual business model framework applied to air transport. . Journal of Air Transport Management , 70-76. Rothaermel, F. T. (2015). Strategic management. Uttar Pradesh: McGraw-Hill Education. Roy, A. M. (2014). Air Asia: what has made it Asia's largest budget airline?. Academy of Taiwan business management review , 28-32. Stead, J. G., Stead, W. E. (2013). Sustainable strategic management. New York: ME Sharpe. Takazawa, Y., Takasuga, T., Doi, K., Saito, M., Shibata, Y. (2016). Recent decline of DDTs among several organochlorine pesticides in background air in East Asia. . Environmental Pollution , 134-142. Van De Vijver, E., Derudder, B., Witlox, F. (2014). Exploring causality in trade and air passenger travel relationships: the case of Asia-Pacific, 19802010. . Journal of Transport Geography , 142-150. Vogel, R., Gttel, W. H. (2013). The dynamic capability view in strategic management: A bibliometric review. International Journal of Management Reviews, , 426-446. Wang, S. X., Zhao, B., Cai, S. Y., Klimont, Z., Nielsen, C. P., Morikawa, T., et al. (2014). Emission trends and mitigation options for air pollutants in East Asia. . Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics , 6571-6603. Wong, J. T., Chung, Y. S., Hsu, P. Y. (2016). Cargo market competition among Asia Pacific's major airports. . Journal of Air Transport Management , 91-98